Water Purification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Water Purification - Essay Example Boiling water as a means of purifying it is probably one of, if not the most popular and safest water purification processes. Use this simple method to bring water to a rolling boil for at least 5 minutes or longer according to some experts and let it cool before drinking. Along with the many impurities that boiling has removed it also removes the oxygen and this is responsible for its flat taste. A very small price to pay for clean drinking water, you can reinstate its taste by shaking it up or pour it back and forth between two containers to put back the oxygen. Purification using household unscented bleach is another solution, more likely if boiling is not possible. Before executing this method, you may need to filter the water if necessary. This can be done using coffee filters, paper towels or any other clean piece of cloth. After which, place the water in a container and add 2 drops of regular household bleach per quart of water, 8 drops per gallon and the  ½ teaspoon per 5 g allons of water. However, dosage may need to be doubled if the water is cloudy. (Emergency Water Purification Calculator) Following the selected dosage, mix thoroughly and leave for half an hour before drinking but an hour if the water is cold or cloudy.  Lastly, another recommended solution for water purification is filtration using commercial filters. Most of these commercial filters block contaminants using physical obstruction or chemical absorption or a combination of both. Filtration using these filters is regarded as the premier method of water purification removing more contaminants and proving more effective than other methods.  In conclusion, these methods may provide a solution for unsafe water that may contain bacteria and viruses. If water is suspected to be unsafe for other reasons such as chemicals, sewage, poisonous substances etc, it is not recommended for drinking, even if ‘purified’.

New and Social Media for Public Relations Strategies

New and Social Media for Public Relations Strategies INTRODUCTION The topic of the dissertation deals with the research into the use of progressively emerging technology of new media, as a tool, by the public relation practitioners. The focus is mainly on the adoption of various new media tools, by practitioners, for practicing public relation activities. There’s a huge market for new media and, if used properly, it can be a great tool to maintain effective relations by the organization and in projecting a very positive image of the organization. New media not only allows public relations practitioners to reach out to and engage their publics in conversation, but also provides an avenue to strengthen media relations..New Media is emerging as an important public relations tool and empowers two way symmetrical communications with publics and stakeholders. PR professionals are confronted with the swift rise of social media that forces practitioners to pay due and timely attention. They are not only excited about utilizing these tools together w ith conventional media, but are also excited about speaking directly to their publics and stakeholders without the involvement of any intermediaries. The current study examines the use of new media as a tool for public relation practitioners. With the advent of improved and fast way of accessing information, people have changed their ways to get information. Observing this changing trend, PR professionals have also started using New Media to play their role effectively. It has reduced the need of third party influencer, like media, to communicate with the public. New Media facilitates PR professionals to interact directly with their organization’s public, specifically consumers. The focus of study is to know about the new media tools being used by practitioners and their opinion about its use, whether they blend the new media tools with traditional tools to perform various activities of public relations, the advantages and challenges they are facing using New Media for Public Relations in chandigarh. This is a cross sectional descriptive survey done by interviewing Public Relation practitioners working in chandigarh. PUBLIC RELATIONS: In the early 1900s, Ivy Lee  and  Edward Louis Bernays  came up with the first definition of PR: a management function, which tabulates public attitudes, defines the policies, procedures, and interests of an organization followed by executing a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance. Dr. Rej F Harlow, a PR scholar and practitioner, undertook the task of compiling published PR definitions. Analyzing 472 definitions ,he put forward a working definition, that says : â€Å"Public Relation is a distinctive management function which helps establish and maintain mutual lines of communication, understanding, acceptance and cooperation between an organization and its publics ; involves the management of problems or issues ; helps management to keep informed on and responsive to public opinion ; defines and emphasizes the responsibility of management to serve the public interest ; helps management keep abreast of effectively utilizing change, serving as an early warning system to help anticipate trends; and uses research and sound and ethical communication as its principal tools.† PUBLIC RELATION ACTIVITIES: Publicity: It involves disseminating information through selected media with the motive of gaining public attention, without paying to the media. Promotion: It attempts to gain the support for a person, product, organization or an idea. It helps consumers know about the product, the price, or the place. Issues/Crisis management: It has a proactive nature of identifying issues that can likely concern to an organization and, thus, involves development of a response mechanism to manage such unanticipated situations. Community relations: By maintaining good relationships with members of the community, more customers can be attracted through word-of-mouth and also generates customer loyalty. Media relations: It involves circulating messages through media and to keep a watch on how the product / organization’s image is being portrayed by the media. Developing good relationships with media persons is an important activity in the PR process. Event management: It involves planning activities or events which will attract media attention to a person, product, organization or an idea. Employee relations: It involves building work culture and team relationships among the employees by sharing information, promoting involvement and inculcating a sense of pride in business achievement. It helps in improving teamwork, staff retention and productivity. Advertising It is a paid form of presentation and communication from an identified sponsor. Businesses use advertising to promote their product, while non-profit organizations use ads to raise awareness or encourage a change in behavior. Lobbying: It involves a professional attempt to bring about a change to a government policy, corporate policy, or public opinion that is favorable towards the organization, cause or group. During political campaigns, in order to affect public opinion, parties may engage PR firms as lobbyists. TRADITIONAL TOOLS USED IN PUBLIC RELATIONS: Publicity Media: Press: A Public relation person acts as the voice of the organization and provides information about the activities of the organization, its policies and programmers to the public through the press. Various ways in which information can be provided to the press are: Press Releases: It is written information of timely nature, about the policies and activities of an organization that is sent to all news media by an organization. Editorials/Articles /Features: A public relations person, have to maintain good relationship with the media and should have effective persuasive skills, in order to provide background material to suggest subjects for editorials. Television: Due to great scope of television as a publicity medium, it is a highly effective tool for Public Relations. Radio: Radio can be effectively used in Public Relation as it covers more than 90% of the Indian population. Films/Videos/Documentaries: It can be used for both the internal or external public to train and motivate employees and educate consumers. Oral Communication: It is majorly use for internal public, such as employees, to provide them training or information about the organization’s policies. Various ways to perform Oral Communication are: Meetings: It is a formally arranged gathering of two or more persons, to serve some purpose. Speeches: Formal speeches are the fastest way of conveying information.The public relations department is involved in research, speech writing and training of speakers. Other ways for oral communication can be telephones calls, public address system, panel discussion, counseling etc. Printed Literature: Publicity literature helps organization to promote its products, services or activities.These can take various forms. House Journal: It is an organization’s publication that caters its internal public and external ‘public’. Its objective is to create an environment for exchange of thoughts on various issues concerning an organization and its employees. Annual Reports: It can serve as prestige publication to attract prospective investors. Brochures: It usually covers information on a specific subject and is used for various purposes such as explaining a new programme, to ask for donations.’Take home or mail-out brochures make consumers cognitively connected to the organization and its products and services. Other forms of Printed Literature can be catalogues, booklets, leaflets. Miscellaneous Communication Tools: Stickers, posters, labels, Racks or bins, window display, Packaging, gifts like calendars, diaries, pens, key chains. Direct mail: (Newsletters.): Regular newsletters providing relevant information about the organization or/and its products/services can fortify relations with customers. Advertorials: Advertisements in the form of news stories allow to associate advertising with the credibility of the newspaper. Press Conferences: It involves calling media representatives together at a place to disseminate newsworthy information regarding the organization. Media Previews: When introducing a new product or organizing new plants and facilities ,the day before the official public showing, the media is given a preview ; company officials welcome media persons and answer their queries. PressTours: It involves transporting a press party a long distance. Press officials are invited individually to witness a landmark achievement, the commissioning of a project or a crisis situation .The Public relation officer briefs them time to time and give background information during press tour. Media-Management Luncheons: Luncheons are arranged in which media representatives have an opportunity to meet management, to hear about new corporate developments and to inspect facilities. Clip Sheets: News stories and illustrations are reproduced in newspaper format to show news editors how stories and pictures will appear in print, are distributed by PR department to editors of daily and weekly newspapers. Press kits: It contains mimeographed news releases, photographs, biographies, and background material that are prepared by PR departments and distributed to the media at special events. Publicity Distribution Services: It provides production and low cost distribution of news and pictures to editors and news writers of business magazines, newspapers and radio and television stations. Exhibitions: It helps to get the instant feedback of the consumers so that their doubts can be clarified and, thus, build customer’s confidence. Special Events: Its aim is to publicize about the organization and its products in such a way that it attracts the attention of media so that it gets the best coverage possible. Outdoor Media: PR professionals use it for disseminating information about their organization’s policies and programmes. Attendance at public events: Presence at Public Events is valuable promotional opportunities. It gives an added advantage over competitors. It gives the opportunity to directly reach the public. NEW MEDIA: The term ‘New Media’ originated in 21stCentury. It accounts for everything related to digital communication technologies, that is, related to computer or any mobile device connected to internet is the necessary requirement for new media. Its key feature is Interactivity. In context of Public Relations, the term ‘new media can be aptly called as Social media as being social is all about building and maintaining relationships. But considering the larger context social media is a subset of new media. Still sometimes these two terms are used interchangeably. In terms of Public Relations, New media tools can help in following ways: Connectpeople with information and services. Collaboratewith internal and external Createnew content, services, and channels of communication that help you deliver information and services. DEFINITIONS OF NEW MEDIA: According to Oxford dictionary: New Media is a means of mass communication using digital technologies such as the Internet. As defined by Webopedia, new media is: A generic term for the many different forms of electronic communication that are made possible through the use of computer technology. The term is in relation to old media forms, such as print newspapers and magazines that are static representations of text and graphics. DIFFERENT FORMS OF NEW MEDIA: Web sites: A location on the World Wide Web that contains a home page and is owned and managed by an individual, company or organization. Online Newsroom: An  online newsroom  (also known as a  press room,  media room,  press center  or  media center) is a website that contains information about a corporation or organization. The online newsroom was initially created for corporate communicators and  public relations  firms to target traditional  media  outlets, fundamentally newspapers, magazines, radio stations and television stations. Electronic mail: Most commonly referred to asemailore-mailsinceca.1993,it is used for exchanging digital messages. Online communities: Group of people with similar goals or interests connect and exchange information using web tools. Virtual Reality Worlds: A three-dimensional environment is simulated on the computers monitor screen. It allows and its users to interact via graphical avatar representations of themselves. Video sharing: Allow you to upload and share online videos Webcasts: Internet-based communication tools used to broadcast live or recorded audio and/or video over the internet so that information could be delivered to a broad audience and, in this case, audiences are also connected with each other. It can be either one-way presentation or an interactive session Webinars: Internet-based typically one way communication tool that can be understood as a specific type of web conference. It involves online polling and question -answer sessions. It can be recorded in order to benefit those who were not able to attend the scheduled time. Web conferences: Internet-based communication tools used to conduct live meetings or presentations over the internet. Widgets: A web widget is a small application that you can embed in a social network site, blog, or website to share content. RSS (Real Simple Syndication) Feeds: To receive updates without browsing sites for the latest information, RSS feeds are used. These can be used to share information from the organization to the readers. It gets the user subscribed to a particular website. Video and computer games: It provides high level involvement to the user. These could be single or multi player games .They may or may not be online. Podcasting: Podcasts are free audio or video files that can be listened to or watched on the computer or mobile device. It can be an easy and inexpensive way to provide information to your target audience(s). Blogs Vlogs: A website with periodical updates (posts) that include text, graphics, videos and hyperlinks. Usually informal in style, blogs allows their readers to leave comments. Wiki: An online resource that covers information on almost all the general topics. Web advertising: Internet advertising, such as banners, pay-per-click ads, pay-per-call ads and pop-ups, provides a way of reaching people who use the internet for shopping or to gather information. Instant Messaging (IM): Due to its simplicity, ease in usage and relatively high level of synchronicity, IM is now widely used internet based communication tool at the workplaces. Chat Rooms: A part of an online service that provides virtual world human interaction in real time. Social Networking: A website that helps in getting connected to one’s family and friends and share information. Cell Phones: These facilitate consumers to get handy with the latest information and provide instant updates in their inboxes when something happens.

Good Year Tire Corporation :: essays research papers fc

COMPANY BACKGROUND By 1998, Goodyear had a debt of $3.7 billion dollars. From 1995-1998 Goodyear’s principal business was development, distribution, and sales of times for most applications. Goodyear was a multi-product, diversified conglomerate and its’ approach to becoming a global company was having only one single global strategy, instead of tailoring products and distribution to each national market. OVERVIEW OF STRENGTHS Size still matters and Goodyear has size. Its 1999 sales were $12,881,000,000 representing a one-year sales growth of 2%. Its net income was $241,000,000, a lot of money but a decrease of 64.7% from one year earlier. Despite that drop in net income, Goodyear paid a $.30 dividend. Its net income also beat Wall Street’s expectations. It has become the world leader in tire sales as a result of its alliance with Japan’s Sumitomo Rubber Industries. Goodyear ranks No. 130 in Fortune Magazine’s 500 list of large companies. Its product diversity includes the manufacture and sale of tires, industrial and consumer products from rubber including belts, hoses, and tank tracks, and a wide range of synthetic rubber, resins, and organic chemicals. Goodyear supplies tires to European and North American auto manufacturers and construction and agricultural equipment manufacturers and operates more than 900 retail tire outlets that also provide auto repair ser vices. Like many American manufacturers, though, it has extended its reach to include international markets in order to stay ahead of its competition. It has more than 90 facilities in 30 countries, and world-wide marketing operations. Two attributes that any company desires are brand recognition and brand loyalty. Goodyear enjoys both. Its’ blimps are one of the world’s most recognized advertising symbols. In 1999, it ranked No. 1 in six of eight categories to lead its industry in Fortune’s â€Å"Most Admired List†. Leadership categories included quality, innovativeness, employee talent, social responsibility, financial soundness, and long-term investment. Of these, quality is probably the most important in creating and keeping brand loyalty. Its P/E ratio is 15.95, a very conservative number when compared to Internet stocks, which frequently have P/E ratios of 50 or more. The industry (rubber/plastics) P/E ratio is 13.65 while the broad market (8,000 stocks traded on the NYSE, AMEX, and NASDAQ, has a P/E of 39.46. Another strength is its intangibles, which include a 100,000-person workforce, patents and trademarks. Goodyear owns 2,903 patents and five trademarks (Goodyear, Hi-Miler, Vi per, Vintner, and Allegra). OVERVIEW OF WEAKNESSES In 1999, Goodyear’s sales were down from 1998 in Eastern Europe, Africa Middle East market, Latin America market, Engineered Products market, and Chemical Products market.

Would a common definition of terrorism have helped to combat terrorism in the Arab uprising in relation to Syria?

Abstract There is much difficulty when it comes to establishing what a terrorist actually is because of the lack of definition that exists on an international level. The difference between a terrorist and a freedom fighter cannot easily be identified as a result of this, which prevents the War on Terror from being adequately dealt with. Nevertheless, it is questionable whether a definition would prove effective given that different interpretations of terrorism exist amongst the international community. Introduction The definition of terrorism has been subject to much controversy over the years because of the different interpretations that exist. Accordingly, terrorism is viewed differently by governmental agencies and under various legal systems. It is has been argued that because of the conflictions that exist within this area, a common definition of terrorism needs to be adopted by the international community (Sorel, 2003). Terrorism occurs on an international level and unless consensus exists within this area, difficulties will continue to ensue when trying to combat terrorism. It would be highly beneficial if a universal definition was employed as there would be much more consistency and terrorist acts would be more easily identified (Webster, 2011). Terrorism has been defined by Hoffman as â€Å"the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear through violence or the threat of violence in the pursuit of political change† (1998: 32). Terrorism is present whenever there is the threat of violence or violence itself which is intended to have physical and emotional effects upon victims. It has also been suggested that â€Å"terrorists seek to obtain the leverage, influence and power they otherwise lack to effect political change on either a local or an international scale† (Hoffman, 1998: 32). Despite these interpretations, it is still extremely difficult to determine whether a person is committing an act of terrorism. This essay will consider in light of this whether a common definition of terrorism have helped to combat terrorism in the Arab uprising in relation to Syria. Defining Terrorism Consequently, terrorists are capable of being mistaken for freedom fighters who merely seek to achieve political freedom by taking part in a â€Å"resistance movement against an oppressive political or social establishment† (Webster, 2011: 1). Freedom fighters include the likes of the South African Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) and the Irish Republican Army (IRA) who were both labelled freedom fighters on the basis that they fought against national governments for freedom (Webster, 2011). There is, nonetheless, a fine line between terrorists and freedom fighters because of the fact that they both act in a similar manner and so it is imperative that a distinction can be made between the two (Raport, 2013). Gioia (2006) further notes that this is difficult to achieve in practice and terrorists are capable of escaping liability on the grounds that they are freedom fighters. Whilst one jurisdiction may consider a person a terrorist another jurisdiction may consider the same person a free dom fighter. It has thus been argued that; â€Å"one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter† (Buchanan, 2004: 1). This makes it extremely difficult to remain consistent within this area of the law and highlights the need for a universal definition of terrorism. As put by Rosand; â€Å"the General Assembly’s inability to reach agreement on a definition of terrorism after nearly thirty-five years of discussions in one form or another has limited the impact of its counterterrorism efforts† (2006: 399). Terrorism and Syria Conflictions will continue to exist unless a universal definition is adopted and terrorism will remain difficult to combat. This has been exemplified by the Arab uprising in relation to Syria since the Syrian Arab Republic has been considered both a victim of terrorism as well as a perpetrator. The Syrian government has thus been accused by the US State Department and George W. Bush of sponsoring acts of terrorism for organisations like Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the Popular Struggle Front (Diane, 1995: 19). However, because of the uncertainty surrounding the definition of terrorism it has proven very difficult for the Syrian government to be properly sanctioned. As argued by Rapport; â€Å"the case of Syria illustrates how the concept of state-sponsored terrorism, and evidence for it, lacks clarity and is used politically† (2013: 238). It was demonstrated by officials of the United States that whilst the actions of the Syrian government were much more professional a nd deadly than Libya’s, the evidence that links Syria to direct acts of violence is murky (New York Times, 1986: 1). Despite these uncertainties, the US government continues to publish lists of the number of terrorists incidents that have occurred in Syria (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, 2013: 4). However, because Syria has continued to support the US and other governments in their opposition to the al-Qaeda, there has been a reluctance to name Syria as a sponsor state (Diaz-Paniagua, 2008). It has been said that this is the result of a necessity to obtain the assistance of Syria when negotiating the release of British, US and French citizens that are being held hostage in the Middle East (Dettmer, 2014: 1). Syria is thereby a vital component for the establishment of peace within this area, which is why it has proven difficult to combat terrorism in Syria. It is clear from these findings that there is sufficient evidence to name Syria as a terrorist sponsor, yet because of Syria’s political connections there has been a refusal to do so. Arguably, a common definition of terrorism would therefore have done nothing to prevent the terrorist actions from being conducted in the Arab uprising in relation to Syria since there is a political reluctance to name Syria as a terrorist sponsor. It has been noted in view of this that it would be â€Å"naive to think that there are laws in war† (Al-Saadi, 2013: 1), which is certainly true here. Although a common definition would be better overall in providing certainty, it is questionable whether it would in fact help to combat terrorism. Furthermore, because of the fact that different states view terrorism differently, a common definition would restrict the ability of states to identify terrorism on a case by case basis. This was identified by Sorel when it was pointed out that; â€Å"the problem facing a global definition is the difficulty in taking account of special circumstances according to the type of action committed, the nature of the victims or the type of method of the terrorist action† (2003: 365). Consideration as to whether a definition is needed was made by the Security Council in September 2001 during the adoption of Resolution 1373 and it was concluded that; â€Å"one shouldn’t try to define terrorism in order to reach a quick agreement; to do so runs the risk of getting into deeper and deeper water† (2001: 1). This signifies that because terrorism acts are so wide-ranging, it would be difficult to incorporate a definition that would be able to comprehend every single act of terrorism. Flexibility is therefore vital within this area, yet because of the confusions that arise when trying to distinguish between a terrorist and a freedom fighter, it is necessary to have some conformity. This was identified by Saul who stated that there is a â€Å"need to condemn violations to Human rights, to protect the state and deliberative politics, to differentiate public and private violence, and to ensure international peace and security† (2008: 1). It is unlikely t hat these objectives can be achieved without a common definition since it is necessary that terrorist actions can be identified and distinguished against the actions of a freedom fighter (Diaz-Paniagua, 2008: 47). It remains arguable whether a definition would in fact be workable given the reluctance to name Syria as a sponsor of terrorism and some have suggested to define terrorism would prevent a sectoral approach towards terrorism to be employed. As put forward by Gioia; â€Å"a definition would only be necessary if the punishment of the relevant offences were made conditional on the existence of a specific terrorist intent† (2006: 4). Many would in fact disagree with this statement on the basis that much of the complexity that exists when trying to combat terrorism is the result of the lack of consensus within this area. Hence, the current approach that is being employed by the international community does not appear satisfactory and attempts to clarify the meaning of terrorism are continuously being made. An example of this can be seen in relation to the definition that was provided by the League of Nations Convention of 1937 under Article 1.1. Under this definition an act of terrorism was described as a â€Å"criminal act directed against a State and intended or calculated to create a state of terror in the minds of particular persons or a group of persons or the general public.† The United Nations General A ssembly also provided under Article 2.1 of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism that a terrorist is defined as someone who causes; â€Å"death or serious bodily injury; serious damage to public or private property; or damage to property, places, facilities, or systems likely to result in major economic loss† (2002: 1). Effectively, it is evident that attempts to define terrorism have and will continue to be made, yet whether there will ever be complete consensus in this area is doubtful and it cannot be said that a definition would have helped to combat terrorism that is being committed by Syria. Conclusion Overall, whilst it is clear that a definition of terrorism is needed in order to provide clarity within this area, it cannot be said that a common definition would have helped to combat terrorism in the Arab uprising in relation to Syria. This is due to the political reluctance to name Syria as a sponsor of terrorism regardless of the evidence to the contrary. Furthermore, it has also been suggested that flexibility needs to remain in this area so that terrorism can be determined on a sectoral basis. Hence, not every country will view terrorist actions the same and so a determination will need to be based on a case by case basis in order to prevent confliction. Regardless of this, there is still a pressing need to provide some conformity within this area, which is why the international community have made great attempts to provide a universal definition. References Al-Saadi, Y. (2013) ‘The Rise of the Arab ‘War on Terror’ Discourse’, [Online], Available: http://muftah.org/the-rise-of-the-arab-war-on-terror-discourse/ [26 March 2014]. Buchanan, P. J. ‘Terrorists – and Freedom Fighters?’ AntiWar, [Online], Available: http://antiwar.com/pat/?articleid=2141 [26 March 2014]. Dettmer, J. (2014) ‘Holding Aid Hostage Syria’, Middle East Institute, [Online], Available: http://www.mei.edu/content/holding-aid-hostage-syria [26 March 2014]. Diaz-Paniagua, C.F. (2008) Negotiating Terrorism: The Negotiation Dynamics of Four UN Counter-Terrorism Treaties 1997-2005, City University of New York. Diane Publishing. (1995) Patterns of Global Terrorism, Diane Publishing. Gioia, A. (2006) The UN Conventions on the Prevention and Suppression of International Terrorism in Nesi, G. International Co-operation in Counter-Terrorism: The United Nations and Regional Organisations in the Fight Against Terrorism. Hoffman, B. (1998) Inside Terrorism, Columbia University Press. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. (2013) ‘Annex of Statistical Information’ Country Reports on Terrorism, [Online], Available: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/210288.pdf [27 March 2014]. Raport, D. C. (2013) Inside Terrorist Organisations, Routledge. Rosand, E. (2006) ‘The UN-Led Multilateral Institutional Response to Jihadist Terrorism: Is a Global Counterterrorism Body Needed’, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, C&S Law 2006 11 (399), Issue 3. Saul, B. (2008) Defining Terrorism to Protect Human Rights, Sydney Law School Legal Studies, Research Paper No 08-125. Security Council. (2001) Le Terrorisme est un totalitarisme, Le Monde. Sorel, J. (2003) ‘Some Questions About the Definition of Terrorism and the Fight Against Its Financing’, European Journal of International Law, EJIL 2003 14 (365), Issue 2. The New York Times. (1986) ‘Evidence of Syrian Link to Terror still Murky’, [Online], Available: http://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/10/world/evidence-of-syrian-link-to-terror-still-murky.html [26 March 2014]. United Nations General Assembly. (2002) ‘Report of the Ad Hoc Committee established by General Assembly Resolution 51/210 of 17 December 1996’, Sixth Session, Annex II, art 2.1. Webster, M. (2011) ‘Freedom Fighter’, An Encyclopaedia Britannica Company, [Online], Available: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/freedom%20fighter [26 March 2014].

Management Functions and Roles Essay

This week I interviewed Mr. Bradford, the health care administrator of Willis Knight Health Center. Mr. Bradford has been in the health care field for 17 years. He has been the coordinator and director at the Willis Knight Health Center for 11 years. Human Resources and leadership are two most pressing functions according to Mr. Bradford for his organization. Human resources is the organizational function that deals with issues related to people such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. humanresources. about. com). Human Resource is also a strategic and comprehensive approach to managing people and the workplace culture and environment. Effective human resource management enables employees to contribute effectively and productively to the overall company direction and the accomplishment of the organization’s goals and objectives. (humanresources. about. com) Leadership plays an important role as well. As a leader you should be able to create more leaders, you must be able to have the people following you stand up and get noticed so they in turn have other people following them while a chain of responsibility and cohesiveness forms so you create a well-oiled machine. Working with different individual on daily basics there is no way that you can satisfy each and every one. Creating a safe, healthy and happy workplace will ensure that your employees feel homely and stay with your organization for a very long time. Paying out bonuses or having any kind of variable compensation plan can be both incentive and disillusionment, based on how it’s administered and communicated. Adopt a systematic approach to ensure that knowledge in databases to provide greater access to information posted either by the company or the employees on the knowledge portals of the company. Have open house discussions and feedback mechanism as a leader you should be able to take constructive criticism. (empxtrack. com) There are five key challenges or areas, some strategic and some operational. Leadership, pay and reward, equality and diversity, talent management and service transformation and efficiency. Placing and shaping community leadership and delivering services to empowered and engaged citizens requires a new order of leadership skill and capacity from public sector leaders, both political and managerial. Pay and reward remains the immediate battleground for HR in the short term. National negotiating machinery is increasingly out of touch with the needs of local employers, politically directed by ministers and, as a consequence, is more focused on managing cost managing cost pressures and the broader economic position. Increasingly, the need to ensure organizational approaches to diversity has a true focus upon communities and community cohesion has meant that the role of HR in shaping, supporting and embedding good approaches to equality and diversity. Supply and demand: talent spotting and development and, most importantly, the ability to deploy talent effectively for the future means that HR needs to provide resourcing and development solutions that are faster, more flexible and technology enabled to reduce the bureaucracy and paper-based approaches that many still protect and love. Finally service transformation and efficiency the big challenge, in the future get involved with service transformation and modernisation. (personltoday. com) In conclusion to better services the people we serve is to continue to educate the staff, make winners out of your staff, always make individuals better as you become better and have a great relationship with your staff and patients. Additions to training life experiences can help alone the way, best lessons learned are the ones we learn on our own.

Cubism and Picasso essays

Cubism and Picasso essays Picassos development toward cubism reached its climax with the monumental justly celebrated Demoiselles dAvignon (1906). This painting, named for a brothel in Barcelonas Avignon Street, depicts, in a highly stylized form, five angular nude or partially draped women grouped around an arrangement of fruit. This final, condensed version, developed through many preparatory works, was attained by gradual simplifications and eliminations of an originally conspicuous subject matter. 1. LINEAR (SHARP CONTOURS) VS PAINTERLY (LINES ARE INDISTINCT Picasso shows a rethinking of the human body in Les Demoiselles. This ranges from a simplified naturalism, (in the centre figures) to an increased sense of fragmentation in to angular forms, each of which appears to have an independent existence. Such disjunction of body parts challenged the standards by which the human body had been constructed before. In synchronicity, the background elements of draperies and wall were fragmented, aligned with the figural handling. 2. PLANE (SPACE BULIT UP OF SEMI-INDEPENDENT PLANES) VS RECESSION (UNIFIED BY DIAGONAL PLANES) It is quite difficult to determine whether Les Demoiselles should be catogorized as the plane or recession option for the following reasons: Picasso shifted the point of view at will heads, noses and eyes are seen simultaneously in profile and full front. In other words, the vision of the spectator is enlarged to include a number of different views. As thought they were moving form point to point, looking up then down. Modern studies of perception have shown that this is the way one forms a visual image of an object. Not from one fixed all encompassing glance, but from an infinite number of momentary glimpses, formulated and unified into a whole by the spectators mind. Cubism introduced into painting not only a new kind of space, but also another dimension ...

Questioning the Psychologists’ Involvement Essays

Questioning the Psychologists’ Involvement Essays Questioning the Psychologists’ Involvement Paper Questioning the Psychologists’ Involvement Paper Defining and understanding the concept of torture according to the first article of the UN declaration against torture entails a careful scrutiny of its three pillars: the relative intensity of pain or suffering inflicted; the purposive element; and the status of perpetrator. An act would then be torture when the pain is severely inflicted in an aggravated form of cruel degrading treatment and punishment in order for a public official to obtain necessary information (American Society of International Law). All of these three key pillars were reported to be present in a detailing facility in Guantemana, where several psychologists are employed. These practitioners were accused of abusing psychology to get information withheld by detainees. In an article by Neil Lewis, several tactics used in the facility include techniques that violate human rights (cited in Summers, 2007). Stephen Soldz in his article â€Å"a profession struggle to save its soul†, described these techniques as behavior modification (2006). A New Yorker told â€Å"democracy now! † that a psychiatrist gave an overview of what happens inside the detaining facility. A specific prisoner would receive only seven squares of toilet paper in a day. They also sometimes use one’s fear in order to breakdown a prisoner for instance; they would confine someone who feared total darkness in a dark place. Another behavioral scientist even promoted the use of learned helplessness in treating detainees (Soldz, 2006). American Psychologists Association’s Move The outbreak of these disturbing reports earned the American Psychologists Association lot of criticism its integrity have been continuously questioned as they get themselves involved in military and security related setting. To address this issue and to help guide psychologist in facing ethical challenges in these situations a taskforce on psychological ethics and national security was established by the then president Dr. Ron Levant. These taskforce consisted of individual equipped with extensive experience in working under a security related setting and individuals that have a different point of view. This taskforce was assigned to examine this issue and to release a guideline based on the association’s code of ethics (Behnk, 2006). In June 2005, the taskforce released a report stating that psychologists may take part in interrogations and in other security-related activities as long as they act in accordance to the code of ethics. It further reiterated that the taskforce is not assigned to conduct any investigations; hence, the report focused only on the 12 statements outlining the psychologist’s obligations in a national security setting (Behnk, 2006). The release if these statements did not put an end to the media’s and other professionals’ criticisms. This further raised questions and invoked movements to change the association’s policies. Questioning APA’s Actions and Stand The American Psychologists Association supports the involvement of psychologists in military. In the advent of these disturbing reports, the PENS task force was created simply to come up with a guideline regarding psychologist’s activity within a military or security related setting. Hence, the task force released only a report containing a vague and ambiguous guideline. Despite its claims that each of the PENS, task force statements was based on the association’s code of ethics, a conflict still arises between the code and the guideline (Summers, 2007). According to the ethics code, whenever a conflict is between the principles of the code of ethics and the order comes up, the order may be followed (cited in Summers, 2007). However, the PENS task force report suggests the violation of these orders when basic human rights are not followed. This conflict may even used to justify torturous interrogations (Summers, 2007). Moreover, the report did not contain any specific acts or treatment that should not be utilized during interrogations. It also did not state any sanction or action to prevent psychologists from getting involved in torture. This only strengthens the notion that the APA wishes to continue its involvement in Guantanamo. The involvement of the psychologist in a detaining facility like the one in Guantanamo is already a violation of the professional code of ethics. However, the previous president, Dr. Levant, reported the opposite after visiting Guantanamo in 2005(Summers, 2007). He claimed making observations by only talking with psychologists, who assured him that every action is bound by the ethical guidelines (Soldz, 2006). Without the interaction with the detainees, the APA president’s observation is invalid. Contrary to Levant’s observation is a report issued by the United Nations Commission on human rights that documented violations of the Geneva Convention and a breach of professional ethics (Summers, 2007) . Moreover, according to a New England Journal of Medicine article written by Gregg Bloche and Jonathan Marks, interrogation at Guantanamo often utilizes increased amounts of stress that constitutes torture. Examples of these counter-resistance measures are â€Å"sleep deprivation, prolonged isolation, painful body position, feigned suffocation, and beatings† (cited in Soldz, 2006). The mere occurrence of these acts in Guantanamo implies that psychologists neglect their ethical responsibility of reporting such abusive measures to appropriate authorities. One cannot argue on the lack of awareness on these occurrences as some of the proponents of these measures are psychologists (Soldz, 2006). In an editorial written by Gerald Koocher, APA’s new president, in The Monitor, he defended psychologists employed under detaining facilities. He further attacked the allegations as simply based on speculations and rumors. He also stated that those who criticize psychologists’ involvement in the military cannot provide data to support their allegations. The lack of names and other data supports his consistent position that these reports are merely rumors (cited in Summers, 2007). The lack of names and data does not justify his claim that these allegations are merely speculations. It is known for a fact that the identities of these psychologists are concealed for security purposes (Soldz, 2006). Dismissing these reports as merely rumors clearly shows the association’s lack of interest in the validation of theses allegations. They simply do not want to find out the truth about the abuses in the applications of psychology in a security-related setting. It only strengthens the notion that the APA supports this involvement and that the relationship with the Department of Defense is their primary concern (Summers, 2007). APA’s Position Clarified Pyschologists’ involvement in these facilities is also being questioned: whether or not there is a breach of their professional code of ethics. Hoping to drive away the attention from the association, the APA created the PENS task force. The PENS task force issued its final report on a vague and ambiguous guideline, which in part is in conflict with their code of ethics. Moreover, the report only showed the association’s support on the psychologists’ involvement in such facilities. The report did not even outline prohibited treatments. Protection was also given to the military psychologist by both the previous and current president of the association. By taking this course of actions, the APA clearly shows it no intentions of validation the allegations of the human rights violations. Moreover, the existence of these conflicts between the guideline and the code of ethics provide a loophole for the justification of each inhumane act. Hence, people are left without a guarantee that these behavioral scientists would not breach their code of ethics and would not be involved in torturous acts in such facilities. References The American Society of International Law. (nd). The Definition(s) of torture in International Law. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from asil. org/is060630/Rodley_Def_Torture_paper_06_06_30. pdf. Counter Punch. (2006, August 1). A Profession Struggles to Save Its Soul Psychologists, Guantanamo and Torture. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from counterpunch. org/soldz0812006. html. Benke, S. (2006). Psychological ethics and national security: The position of the American Psychological Association, European Psychologist, 11, 153-156. Summers, F. (2007). Psychoanalysis, The American Psychological Association, and the Involvement of Psychologists at Guantanamo Bay. Psychoanalysis, Culture Society, 12, 82-93.

Emilia in Shakespeares Othello

Emilia in Shakespeare's 'Othello' From her first introduction, Emilia in Shakespeares Othello is ridiculed and chided by her husband Iago: â€Å"Sir, would she give you so much of her lips/As of her tongue she oft bestows on me,/You would have enough† (Iago, Act 2, Scene 1). This particular line is prophetic in that Emilia’s testimony at the end of the play, relating to how Cassio came by the handkerchief, leads directly to Iago’s downfall. Emilia Analysis Emilia is perceptive and cynical, maybe as a result of her relationship with Iago. She is the first to suggest that somebody is telling Othello untruths about Desdemona; â€Å"The Moor’s abused by some most villainous knave./Some base, notorious knave† (Act 4 Scene 2, Line 143-5).​ Unfortunately, she does not identify her own husband as the perpetrator until it is too late: â€Å"You told a lie, an odious, damned lie† (Act 5 Scene 2, Line 187). In order to please him, Emilia gives Iago Desdemona’s handkerchief, which leads to her best friend’s condemnation, but this is not done out of spite but to garner a little praise or love from her husband Iago, who rewards her with the line; â€Å"O good wench give it to me† (Act 3 Scene 3, Line 319). In a conversation with Desdemona, Emilia does not condemn a woman for having an affair: But I do think it is their husbands faultsIf wives do fall: say that they slack their duties,And pour our treasures into foreign laps,Or else break out in peevish jealousies,Throwing restraint upon us; or say they strike us,Or scant our former having in despite;Why, we have galls, and though we have some grace,Yet have we some revenge. Let husbands knowTheir wives have sense like them: they see and smellAnd have their palates both for sweet and sour,As husbands have. What is it that they doWhen they change us for others? Is it sport?I think it is: and doth affection breed it?I think it doth: ist frailty that thus errs?It is so too: and have not we affections,Desires for sport, and frailty, as men have?Then let them use us well: else let them know,The ills we do, their ills instruct us so (Act 5 Scene 1). Emilia blames the man in the relationship for driving her to it. â€Å"But I do think it is their husband’s faults If wives do fall.† This speaks volumes for her relationship with Iago and does insinuate that she would not be averse to the idea of an affair; which corroborates the rumors about her and Othello, although she denies them. Also, her loyalty to Desdemona may belie this rumor too. An audience would not judge Emilia too harshly for her views, knowing Iago’s true nature. Emilia and Othello Emilia judges jealous Othello’s behavior harshly and warns Desdemona off him; â€Å"I would you had never seen him† (Act 4 Scene 2, Line 17). This demonstrates her loyalty and that she judges men based on her own experience. Having said this, it may well have been better if Desdemona had never set eyes on Othello, given the outcome. Emilia even bravely challenges Othello when she discovers he has murdered Desdemona: â€Å"O the more angel she, and you the blacker devil!† (Act 5 Scene 2, Line 140). Emilia’s role in Othello is key, her part in taking the handkerchief leads to Othello falling for Iago’s lies more fully. She discovers Othello as Desdemona’s murderer and uncovers her husband’s plot which she exposes; â€Å"I will not charm my tongue. I am bound to speak† (Act 5 Scene 2, Line 191). This leads to Iago’s eventual downfall and sadly her own murder as her husband kills her. She demonstrates her strength and honesty by exposing her husband and challenging Othello for his behavior. She remains loyal to her mistress throughout and even asks to join her on her deathbed as she herself dies. Unfortunately, these two strong, perceptive, loyal women are killed off but, at the same time, they could be considered the heroes of the piece.

The effects of garbage in the enviroment Annotated Bibliography

The effects of garbage in the enviroment - Annotated Bibliography Example The authors of the piece therefore discuss and analyze the ways in which current and proposed future measures can effect such a goal. This article discusses the way in which under-developed nations take upon themselves a large amount of discarded electronic equipment as a means of reclaiming the nearly 300 tons of gold that are placed into such instruments each and every year. Although this is a lucrative way for developing nations to seek to enhance their own local economies, it has a very high health and safety cost and is only engaged by those least The two approaches that the authors put forward have to do with increasing efficiency of production and seeking to find alternative uses for the waste that is generated. As a means of integrating this idea into the essay, this student will seek not to take one approach over another but rather to seek to include both approaches as a means of reducing the seemingly ever increasing size and heft of waste that the current global system generates. This particular article discusses the ways in which technology offers an ever increasing array of solutions for the levels and toxicity of the waste that the current system produces. Rather than finding ways to reduce the waste per se, the authors hold out something of a modernist approach that claims that the increases in technology that are taking place so rapidly in the world around us will be able to ameliorate many of the issues with waste as they exist within the current system. This article engages the reader with an understanding of how unethical and ultimately unfair the toxic waste trade is. Rather than the industrialized nations seeking to deal with the toxic waste that they generate, it is oftentimes pawned off to poorer countries that are desperate for the influx of FDI that large multinational firms can provide. In this way, a type of econ-slavery

Data Collection and Analysis With a Real Teacher-Researcher Essay - 1

Data Collection and Analysis With a Real Teacher-Researcher - Essay Example The fourth observation was that, moving students’ seats helps reduce the number of redirections. The data shows a trend of reduced redirections; this is probably due to implementation of the steps suggested by Sienna from her observations. Increasing eye contact between the students and Ms. Steward, giving the students something to anticipate, and moving the students’ seats were some of the solutions to keeping them in check. Eye contact from Ms. Steward helped keep the students aware that someone is watching over them. Giving the students something to look forward to boosts their moods and keeps them in check as they wait. Moving students seats helps separate those who have become close to each other to avoid increased talks in between them. May’s graph was a student over time graph indicating a period of nine days. Referred to as the â€Å"five minute challenge,† It indicates the number of students that entered the class from lunch, sat down, copied their agenda into their notebooks, and were ready to learn in in 5 minutes or less. The number of students who could finish their tasks increased gradually from 11 on the first day to a maximum of 20 on the 8th day. This was probably due the task the students had to complete prior to the start of the class. The tasks helped to keep them on check. Based on the students’ response to the agenda timed challenge, May should create more tasks for them to complete in a short time every day. This will certainly keep them focused in class and avoid redirections at the start of the class (Hodge, 2010, pg.106). Anthony and Leah’s data indicates the time taken to complete four goals every day. The four goals were to write their complete agenda, answer the bell work question, put the pencil down, and then put their hand up to be checked. They recorded the time used to complete these goals for nine

Personal Consulting Capacity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Personal Consulting Capacity - Essay Example The researcher states that planning for future is very important as it defines our mindset. By setting goals we plan for our future. Goals can be defined as: basically tools that give scope to an activity and direct achievement-related behaviors. Goals can be prioritized to short-term and long-term goals. Short-term goals heighten the chances of success as they may be challenging but are quite close to the current capacity level of a person. However, it is the long-term goals that are required to achieve permanent success in future endeavors. The researcher splits his future objectives into two categories i.e. Short-term and Long-term goals. Short-term goals include the skills he would acquire by the end of this year while long-term goals are elaborate planning of the next five years of his professional life. Short term goals: to accomplish the researcher’s degree with good grade points and to enhance skill based expertise relevant to his field before gaining entry into a repu ted public sector organization. His key focus would be on the consulting capabilities so as to give a wider scope to his objectives. Long term goals: in a span of five years the researcher plans to elevate himself to the managerial level. He also wants to gain comprehensive growth by lending his consultancy skills to the company in order to solve the core problems. In future the author of this paper would also like to pursue his career as a Human Resource Consultant.... Short-term goals include the skills I would acquire by the end of this year while long-term goals are elaborate planning of the next five years of my professional life. SHORT TERM GOALS To accomplish my degree with good grade points and to enhance skill based expertise relevant to my field before gaining entry into a reputed public sector organization. My key focus would be on my consulting capabilities so as to give a wider scope to my objectives. LONG TERM GOALS In a span of five years I plan to elevate myself to the managerial level. I also want to gain comprehensive growth by lending my consultancy skills to the company in order to solve the core problems. In future I would also like to pursue my career as a Human Resource Consultant. ACHIEVING GOALS A step wise planning is required to achieve my goals. I need to determine the factors and the barriers which are going to influence my action plan. As I plan to enter a public sector organization therefore, my core focus would be on gaining skills that are relevant to the field. SECTOR IN FOCUS: PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS After the accomplishment of my professional degree I am keen to join a public sector organization as it offers a wide range of careers as well as provided the opportunity to make decisions with the potential to have immediate impact on the wellbeing of citizens. Moreover, public sector organizations are considered to be stable and secure as compared to private sector. Another positive aspect is regular coaching and mentoring and comprehensive trainings being offered time to time. Public sector organizations have clear policies and procedures that must be adhered to by all levels. FUNCTIONAL AREA IN FOCUS: HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEment Human resource management being the area of my

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 7

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example The site was primarily created to help the fans to have their say and share with the rest of Taylor and these popular events. Most people are an admirer of the talented singer Taylor Swift, and it is the reason a group of artist made the effort to create a community fan page. The author of this website gives narrations of Taylor Swift achievements and popular events such as concerts the pop star is expecting or has performed. The media in this community website includes both print, photos of Taylor Swift and videos of some of her songs and concerts performances. Rather than being interactive, the media gives a brief overview of Taylor Swift illustrious music career. I love Taylor Swift is a group that keeps Taylor’s fan posted on issue happening in her life. In particular, the administrator added beautiful photos of Taylor Swift on May 15th, the Rock In Rio, Las Vegas performance. There is a lot of information about Taylor’s songs. One specific song that Taylor in the message board is the about her Video, Bad Blood and the reception it had to the rest of the world. Most of the people who commented and made reviews of the video such as amazing and see a growing talent in 25 years old pop star. In another particular section, there is more news on Taylor’s upcoming event on Taylor and Ed Sheeran planned Las Vegas party after the music awards. The party is expected to be attended by the host of music stars and millions of fans who will come celebrate their favorite pop artists arguably living in this era. Taylor also gives her views about her life. She discloses her circles of friends such Karlie, Lena and Selena who understand her life keep her going in life. The site has plentiful Taylors photo and print about the happenings in her life. For those fans who like Taylor in India, they have a website where they engage on the latest happening around the Taylors Swift world. On late May 2015, Forbes listed Taylor

News Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

News Story - Essay Example This was a story about a 5k run that has been organized to raise money for a boy who was severely burned in a car crash that killed two other local teenagers. It showed the organizer, a boy himself, speaking several times, the parents crying, and people running a race. Next, a brief story about an attempted kidnapping of an 11-year-old boy. This was a very brief segment with not many details. Next were short updates about Jaycee Dugard; a short segment on the Gulf oil spill, as there has been a new cap put into place; tropical storm Earl; a security breach at LAX; a guy who was killed in a robbery after winning big at a casino; and the fact that Craigs List is removing its â€Å"adult services† section. Then came by far the longest story – about buying meat for Labor Day picnics. This talked to two or three different shoppers, and a butcher who came on several different times throughout the segment to state about how to select cuts of meat, how to get the best price on the meat, as well as how to season and cook the meat. The story order indicates that the local weather is the most newsworthy item of the day, as this is what the newscast opened with – a forecast of Labor Day weather. Then, the brief segment about the wildfire showed that a local happening is second most newsworthy. But the news chose to highlight, with a long segment, a story about a 5k run. This was the third story that was shown, and this 5k run is part of an on-going story about three teenagers being killed that happened well over a month ago. To me, this shows the local news tendencies to milk a particular story for all its worth to keep it in the spotlight for as long as possible. The story about the three teenagers was a big deal, so the fact that the news station saw fit to run yet another story about this incident just shows that the news programs just cannot let go of a big story. In

Can Abortion be a Morally Acceptable Choice Essay

Can Abortion be a Morally Acceptable Choice - Essay Example The fact that a majority of the people are in fact somewhere between the two positions is often lost in the vitriol of the debate. Pro-life groups state that human life begins at conception, and thus an abortion is the killing of a human being. There are some differences within the pro-life position however. Many people who say they are pro-life agree that abortions should be allowed in the case of incest , rape or to save the woman's life. This seems a somewhat odd position as, if a person believes that human life begins at conception, should it matter how the baby was conceived Is the baby any less human because its father was a rapist Is it any less human because its mother may die because of the pregnancy The answer to both these questions would seem to be 'no'. The two positions have been set out and logic, practically and ethics falls on the side that some abortions are indeed morally acceptable. Perhaps the 'easiest' types of abortion to defend are those in which the mother's life is being saved. These can be defended on a number of bases. First, the practical fact is that if the mother's life is at risk so is the baby's. If the mother dies, the baby will as well. So in this case, even if a person believes that life begins at conception, it is surely better to have a situation in which one person lives and one dies, rather than both dying. Second, the legal principle of 'self-defense' might be applied here. If the baby is a human being, then it (albeit unintentionally) is killing the mother. The mother has a perfect right to defend herself against this attack. The abortion is an example of self-defense. In cases of incest and rape, a less certain ground exists for those who believe life begins at conception. Incest may lead to genetic problems and diseases for generations to come, indeed, this is the reason that incest is taboo in most societies in the world. It seems logical that a pregnancy produced in this way, which might have hazardous effects for generations to come, should be terminated. Rape is a more difficult issue. Here the argument moves into the territory of when a fertilized egg 'becomes human'. An abortion that occurs because the mother is raped essentially falls into the 'choice' category. The pro-choice side says that a woman has the right to self-determination guaranteed by the US Constitution, specifically "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness", and that any attempt to tell her what to do with her own body directly contradicts this right. Pro-choice groups maintain that a baby is only a 'human life' when it is able to exist independent of its mother. Thus abortions up until about six months are morally legitimate as until this time the baby cannot survive outside the mother's body. These are not abortions of independent human life but merely medical procedures undertaken by a woman and her doctor, and as such should be no one's business but the individual woman and her doctor. If a person believes the "independent of its mother" of human life then any abortion up until that time is morally justifiable. The question of rape, incest, or saving the mother's life does not come into play because the mother is just having something done to herself. This position essentially

News Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

News Story - Essay Example This was a story about a 5k run that has been organized to raise money for a boy who was severely burned in a car crash that killed two other local teenagers. It showed the organizer, a boy himself, speaking several times, the parents crying, and people running a race. Next, a brief story about an attempted kidnapping of an 11-year-old boy. This was a very brief segment with not many details. Next were short updates about Jaycee Dugard; a short segment on the Gulf oil spill, as there has been a new cap put into place; tropical storm Earl; a security breach at LAX; a guy who was killed in a robbery after winning big at a casino; and the fact that Craigs List is removing its â€Å"adult services† section. Then came by far the longest story – about buying meat for Labor Day picnics. This talked to two or three different shoppers, and a butcher who came on several different times throughout the segment to state about how to select cuts of meat, how to get the best price on the meat, as well as how to season and cook the meat. The story order indicates that the local weather is the most newsworthy item of the day, as this is what the newscast opened with – a forecast of Labor Day weather. Then, the brief segment about the wildfire showed that a local happening is second most newsworthy. But the news chose to highlight, with a long segment, a story about a 5k run. This was the third story that was shown, and this 5k run is part of an on-going story about three teenagers being killed that happened well over a month ago. To me, this shows the local news tendencies to milk a particular story for all its worth to keep it in the spotlight for as long as possible. The story about the three teenagers was a big deal, so the fact that the news station saw fit to run yet another story about this incident just shows that the news programs just cannot let go of a big story. In

Conductivity vs Molarity Essay Example for Free

Conductivity vs Molarity Essay Introduction: Athetles consume Gatorade to replenish the electrolytes lost through sweat. Since Gatorade has a high concentration of solutes such as electrolytes it allows for the nervous system to respond faster to changes in the body. â€Å"Electroyltes are molecules that can dissociate into ions and conduct electrical currents† (EduChange 2002). These molecules, can move freely, once dissociated into ions allowing for there to be a electrical current. Because elcetroyltes can not conduct electrical currents in there solid form they are put in a solution to dissociate. The purpose of Lab 32 was to determine the effect that the concentration of a solue has on the conductivity of an electrolytic solution. If NaCl is added to water to create an electrolytic solution then it will create a stronger electrical current than distilled water because NaCl is a strong electrolyte that can conduct electricity well due to its ability to dissociate into ions. Materials and Methods: In order to test for the effect that the concentration of a solute has on the conductivity of an electrolytic solution. Four beakers were filled with 100 ml of distilled water. A conductivity tester was then put into the first beaker of water to test for the conductivity of the control. 20 grams of salt was then weighed on a scale, 2g of salt was placed in 1 beaker to create a . 346 molar solution. 5g in the next to create a . 865 molar solution and 10g on salt was placed in the last beaker to create a 1. 73 molar solution. The solutes were stirred until they were completely dissolved in the water. The conductivity tester was again used, and placed into the 3 beakers to test for the conductivity. For each beaker the conductivity was recored. After the data was recored the materials were put away and post – lab questions were answered. Trends: For both trials there was a sharp increase in conductivity from the control to beaker 3 (filled with 5g of NaCl). But the level of conductivity in all the beakers never exceded a conductivity of 10. Discussion: The purpose of the lab was in fact met. As expecteted the beaker that had 10g of salt had a higher conductivity than the control. There was a direct relationship between concentraion and conductivity and the intial hypothesis was supported, as seen in Graph 32. . For example a solution with . 346 molarity had a conductivity of 7. Therefore as concentration increased so did conductivity. However a solution with a molarity of . 865 had the same conductivity of a solution with a molarity with 1. 73, because NaCl doesn’t have the sea of electrons that metals do. There were inherent errors in the lab. Since the placement of the conductivity tester was not always placed in the same depth of each solution the data may be inclaclusive. Different conductivity levels could have been retrived at different depths in the solutions. Also the size of the beaker would come into factor because the size determines the depth. When approcaching the lab again all the same size beakers and equipment should be used. This would allow for the the conductivity to be the tested in the same depth for more accurate results. This lab clearly shows how a higher concentration of solutes in a solution, can and will increase the electrical current with in the body.

Comparison Othello Play And Film English Literature Essay

Comparison Othello Play And Film English Literature Essay This paper considers the similarities and differences between two versions of Othello; the play itself, and the 1995 film version directed by Oliver Parker. The plot remains the same, as do the characters, and the setting as Parker chooses to film it as the original time period and locations. Parker does however update it in other ways, and those updates are what provide some of the differences between the two. The areas in which the play and film differ are: the interpretation of the character Iago; the use of fantasy sequences; and the fact that Parker adaptation has cut much of the text. The first is probably the one of greatest importance. Rather than altering the story the director effectively employs his cinematic  Ã‚  tools to convey the depth of emotion and conflict experienced by both Othello and Iago.  Ã‚  The use of dream sequencing makes Othellos agony over the proposed affair tangible and accessible to the audience in a way that his monologue in the play is unable to achieve.  Ã‚  Similarly, Iagos direct and menacing soliloquies with the audience via the camera conveys his Machiavellian intentions to destroy Othello with much more meaning. The film begins by showing the secrecy of the marriage between Othello and Desdemona. They marry at night and when all are sleeping. Also scenes of them kissing as Othello tells of his feelings for her to the Senators. This scene helps build upon the passionate love felt between Othello and Desdemona. It also allows us to see his arrogance in his status and deserving of Desdemona. You see how his confidence and pride are what he identifies himself with. But the expression of Iagos feeling toward Othello in the film are very similar as to the book version expression of it. I hate the Moor is clear enough, but Iago is alone when he says it, so he doesnt reveal the depth of his loathing to anyone. However, in the plays very first scene Roderigo says Thou toldst me thou didst hold him in they hate to which Iago replies Despise me if I do not (Othello. 1.1). We dont see this in the film. In the film however, we see the how when Iago is coming up with his plan to destroy Othello he uses ch ess pieces. Once he has devised his plan to use Cassio as the pawn, he situates the black King and white Queen pieces as and inserts a White Knight in between the two. This shows his mischievous nature developing as the fireplace in the background and use of lightening helps to build the feeling of his wickedness. All the while you see how he is everyones friend and so helpful. And then again peeling a fruit with his dagger watching Cassio and Desdemona and uttering detestable words. Honest Iago he is called by Othello, as he hugs him and looks into the camera with an expression of I just fooled him. This difference in the split personality if you will, is much easier felt in the film with his facial expressions and the music that is played in the background. You also see the use of armour and horses that illustrate how honourably and noble Othello is. He comes across as being so brave as they win the Turks. This help set up the disbelief felt as you see Othello engulfed by weakness of pride and naivety. Other changes include the overt sexuality displayed by Laurence Fishburne, who shares a fairly explicit sex scene with Irene Jacob, his Desdemona. In the play it seems the two have not had much time together and the relationship seems very chaste; here it is sexually charged. The movie continues to show scenes of Othello and Desdemona having intercourse. This is I believe a way to modernize the version to appeal to another audience. That sexuality also comes into play in the use of the fantasy sequences in which Othello dreams of finding Desdemona and Cassio together in bed. This never happened in the play-they are both entirely innocent-but in the film, Othello is dreaming and we see what he sees: the camera shows us Desdemona, nude, from the back; as she sits up and turns around, she reveals Cassio who is looking up in surprise. Then Othello sits up in bed, sweat pouring down his face, and we realize hes had a nightmare. In using these fantasy sequences, Parker has given concrete f orm to Othellos worst fears. This is precisely what he is afraid of, that Desdemona doesnt really love him and has taken Cassio as her lover. By showing us the couple, the affair begins to seem less like an impossibility; we see that such a thing might actually happen, particularly as Desdemona is kind and Cassio is young. However, Shakespeare makes it clear that although Cassio cares for Desdemona, he would never overstep the bounds; and although she is fond of him, her great love is Othello. We see how Desdemonas respect for Cassio is interpreted by Othello as something deeper. However, having the visual image of the two of them before his eyes makes Othellos fears and obsession take on a real shape. He is no longer suspicious of something he cannot describe, he has seen it in his dreams, and as he broods on these visions, he becomes easier and easier for Iago to manipulate. All too real then Othello remembers what Desdemonas father said to him. She has deceived her father, and may thee. That is all the confirmation he needs to begin the real consideration that this may be real. Parkers inclusion of the fantasy scenes gives an extra dimension to the story. We see how Othello is agonizing over the possibility that Desdemona has fooled him. As the movie progresses and we see the use of the handkerchief, the building up of the search for the truth is being blinded by what Othello is using to confirm his fantasies. Iagos manipulation of the handkerchief is the turning point in the film as well as in the play. The film illustrate the intensity of the trance and epilepsy Othello is feeling as he see Bianca give the handkerchief to Cassio. But when Emilia give Iago the handkerchief there is a difference from the play version. In the play, Iago simple takes it from Emilia as he walks in after Desdemona and Othello leave the room. However, in the film she brings it to him in bed and when he discovers she has taken it he is aroused. He is ready to perform but stops to give his soliloquy on how this with seal the deal. He smells it, then throws it up in the air. The scene changes to Cassio looking out the window as the handkerchief falls into his hands. These differences in how the handkerchief is used illustrate the progression of Iagos plan. The passing on from one sequence of a plan to the next. passion that became too intense and became the ultimate crime of passion.

Essay --

Instruction or lectures (amount and quality) Academic achievement of students disrupted and decline due to the instructor and lectures factor. Most selective university lecturers are very brilliant in their studies, but they are less skilled to give lectures to the students in the class. This made it difficult for students to understand the content of the lesson presented by the lecturers and make the student feel bored and uninterested. Imparting skills effectively is very important. Lecturers need to know and study the most effective methods to teach and get students' attention. Interesting teaching techniques and can effectively improve student enthusiasm for learning more seriously and diligently to excel in all subjects. Quality of teaching should be clearly described and punctuated by making a lot of refresher training with the students so that students can better understand the lessons taught. Besides, the lecturer should give tips and advice about education and how to answer the exam questions correctly. Environment (home, school, peers and technology) Environmental factors a...

Police Brutality Essay -- Policeman Violence Rights Papers

Police Brutality Government policies reflect choices made among conflicting values and many different people, groups, and institutions influence policy decisions. Police brutality is influenced by many, such as our American political ideals of civil rights and liberties, the political process in terms of the media and our political institutions, one which the courts. CIVIL RIGHTS:Whats are out civil rights and liberties relating to the public policy issue of police brutality? Our civil rights and liberties are embedded in our constitution and state religion, freedom of speech, the rights to assemble peacefully and to petition the government, the right to bear arms, freedom of the press, the rights of the criminally accused, requirement of due process, and equal protection of the laws. Among these rights and liberties, we also have the right to not be inflicted any kind of cruel and unusual punishment. We as citizens of America have many rights and freedoms, of which we exercise everyday. The police are there to ensure us these rights and to protect harm to individuals or to society. However we as citizens tend to mistake police officers for robots who entail no hatred nor prejudices in other words society forgets that are also human. Human enough to feel many different feelings, emotions and attitudes towards many different issues or even people. This is not to say that every police officer would subject a citizen towards this negative attitude but current events and statistics show that the civil rights and liberties of Americans are being challenged everyday of the hands of â€Å"our protectors†, the police. Police brutality may occur violating the rights and liberties of any individual at any given time. How... ... WORK CITED CIVIL RIGHTS The Challenge of Democracy, Janda 5th Edition P.217 Beyond The Rodney King Story, Ogletree Northeastern University Press, 1995 Violence And the Police, William Westley, The mit press, 1970 Ebonye,†How TO STOP POLICE BRUTALITY†:HNS J. MASSAQUOI,V.46 JULY 1991 P.58-60 Essence,†Up Against The Wall Black Men and Cops†:LEs Payne;v.23 Nov.1992 p.72 Essence,†The Black and The Blues†, Jill Nelson; v.29 Sep 1985 p. 91-93 Jet,†NAACP’S Wade Henderson Testifies On Capitol Hill About Police Over reaction†: v.80 May 20,1991 p.32 THE MEDIA Washington Post, Bline Harden, June 14 1997 Washington Post,Frank G. Scifidi,March 16,1998 THE COURTS The Anarchical Society, Hedley bull, copyright 1997 Maclean’s, v.28 Dec 22,1997 Maclean’s, v.27 Dec 22 1997 The New York Times, Jan 1998, v147: p A18

Effects Packaging Materials on Shelf Life

EXPERIMENT 1: THE EFFECTS OF PACKAGING MATEIAL ON SHELF LIFE OF CRACKERS Introduction The type of food, chemical composition, size, storage conditions, expected shelf life, moisture content, aroma and appearance are just a few of the characteristics that must be taken into consideration when selecting the right material for a food product. A continuing trend in food packaging is the design of packages to extend the shelf life of foods while maintaining fresh-like quality.This places a high demand on selecting materials that not only provide the needed properties to maintain the quality of the food but it must be done at a cost effective price. The permeability of the packaging material is one of the most critical features of the package for affecting the quality of the food product. Objectives: I) To calculate the moisture uptake of different packaging materials II) To assess the texture hardness of the products by sensory analysis and texture analyzer III) To determine the estimated shelf-life of the products Materials:Crackers, packaging materials- HDPE, PP, Paper bag, aluminium foil, etc: plastic sealer: weighing balance, texture analyzer . Procedure: Two bags (duplicate) of crackers for each packaging materials was provided. The bags were filled with crackers, and then was weighed and stored at 25? C for 2 weeks. Two packets of crackers from the commercial packaging materials was weighed and stored at 25? C for 2 weeks as control. Each of the packets was reweighed after a week and the mean moisture uptake was determined after a week.After 1 week, for the commercial products, the packet was kept empty by removing all traces of the contents and the weight of the empty packages was weighed. The original mass of the contents was calculated according to the calculation given. From the results, the time (in weeks) before packages allow to uptake of 1% moisture (based on the mass of the content) was calculated. At this point (1% moisture uptake) was assumed, the p roduct had reached the end of its shelf life, and the result of the estimated shelf life was reported. Assessment of Crispiness: A) The means of ‘crispiness’ was decided in group. Sensory AnalysisThe commercial crackers as ‘standard’ was taken and each one of the crackers was bite down by using the incisor teeth only. The degree of crispiness was noted and this crispiness of the rating was given of 100. The crispiness of crackers was rated from different types of packet in the same manner by comparing each to the ‘standard’. As example, if you feel a biscuit is half as crispy as the standard, give it a rating of 50: if it twice as crispy gives it a rating of 200. A mean rating and SD of crackers of each type of packaging was calculated. B) Texture Analysis This method is using texture analyser TA-XT2 with the 3 point bending rigThe operating parameters of the analyzer was set and followed as below: TA setting Force in compression Return to star t Approach speed : 1. 0 mm/s Test speed : 0. 1 mm/s Post test speed : 2mm / s Distance : 10 mm (this may be made smaller if the crackers easily break Units : Newtons and millimeters Rig distance 40. 0 mm apart At least two crackers were prepared. the width and thickness of the crackers was measured, in the plane of the probe by vernier caliper. The crackers were placed on the right side up on the rig supports. The test was run.The Young’s Modulus was calculated from point 1. The breaking force from point 2 was recorded. With the cursor, from the graph that had been illustrated after the test run, the point 1 at d = 0. 1 mm was identified. The force and distance was recorded (chown on top left of screen). The force was converted from grams to Newtons and distances to metres. With the cursor, the point 2, the breaking point was identified. The force and distance was recorded. The force was converted from grams to Newtons and distance to metres. Identified whether Young’s modulus or breaking force are more reproducible parameter on the biscuits.Discussion: Moisture sensitive foods are susceptible to change in their environment and if it left opened will first become stale. Water migration and diffusion is considered to be one of the most important factors for the moisture sensitive foods. Moisture content analysis allows for a quantitative measure of the total amount of water present in a food item which can influence the texture, taste, and appearance of food products. According to military specification PCR-C-037, â€Å"Crackers, Fortified, Packaged in a Flexible Pouch, Shelf Stable†, moisture content shall be not less than 1. 5 percent and not greater than 4. percent. From the result obtained in this experiment, we discovered that the percentage of moisture content after 1 week for crackers in commercial packaging for mean for both sample was 0. 48% and 0. 48% after 2 week. Next for the HDPE packaging the moisture content for week 1 for sa mple 1 and 2 was 0. 95% and increased to 2. 14 % at week 2. The same situation happened for the PP packaging, the mean moisture content of crackers for week 1 for sample 1 and 2 1. 19 % then decreased to 0. 95 % at week 2. For the paper bag, the mean moisture content of the crackers for sample 1 and 2 at week 1 was 3. 2 % but increased to 4. 54% after 2 week. From the result, we observed that the commercial packaging material had lowest moisture loss followed with PP, HDPE and paper bag had the highest lost of moisture content of the crackers. It is because the paper bag had a high porosity to allow the moisture absorb on the paper. Sensory analysis allows for evaluation of food items with respect to appearance and palatability. Acceptability of the crackers was determined by a trained sensory evaluation panel, which assessed and rated the cracker for flavor, taste, odor, and texture.Ratings were based on a 9-point qualitative scale for each cracker attribute, along with an overall quality score for the cracker. According to military specification PCR-C-0372, â€Å"Crackers, Fortified, Packaged in a Flexible Pouch, Shelf Stable†, the cracker must receive an overall score of 5. 0 or higher based on the 9-point scale to be considered acceptable. From the evaluation of the crackers in different types of packaging materials, we observed the texture for both sample was ranked as 8 means it have a very good texture and do not stale, the color of the commercial packaging was very bright gold and ranked as 8.For the odor and taste, the commercial packaging was ranked as 7 which mean the aroma of the crackers was retained and retain the freshness of the taste of the crackers. The appearance of the crackers was ranked as 8 because the condition and shape of the crackers was still retained in original shape. The overall acceptability of the commercial packaging crackers was ranked as 7 and the crackers with commercial packaging have the highest ranked among the ot her packaging materials.In short, we can concluded from the sensory evaluation the texture of the crackers was well preserved by using commercial packaging followed by PP, HDPE and lastly paper bag. For the color of the crackers, the commercial packaging obtained the highest ranked followed by PP, HDPE and lastly paper bag. The color of the crackers in the paper bag packaging was very light yellow indicates the staling of the crackers. For the odor evaluation, as the same expected, the commercial packaging had the better odor, followed with HDPE, PP and lastly paper bag.Nest the evaluation of appearance, the commercial crackers packaging had better appearance followed with PP, HDPE and lastly crackers in paper bag packaging had poor appearance because the crackers had not retain the original crackers shape. The taste of the crackers was difficult to evaluate but the crackers from commercial packaging had the better taste and the freshness of crackers was retained, while the crackers from HDPE and PP packaging had the same crackers taste but the crackers from paper bag packaging had a very poor taste, the taste of the crackers was lost because of the moisture uptake of the crackers.The overall acceptability of the crackers from commercial packaging was 7 which means acceptable followed by PP and HDPE packaging but the crackers from paper bag packaging was assumed had a very poor acceptability due to the moisture uptake. The texture analysis was conducted because the presence of moisture is known to affect the hardness of food items like the crackers, as they absorb moisture from the environment around them. The crispiness means the force at which is the significant break in curve (not always present) or force at which material fracture.From the texture analysis, the result had showed that the crispiness of the crackers from the commercial packaging for sample 1 was 923. 45 and 773. 2 for sample 2, with overall mean for these two samples was 848. 32. Nest for th e HDPE packaging the crispiness of the texture were lowest compared to commercial packaging which result 632. 7 for sample 1 and 990. 2 for sample 2 with overall mean for two samples was 811. 45. The PP packaging showed for the sample the crispiness of the crackers was 858. 85 for sample 1 and 993. 45 for sample 2. Lastly for the paper bag packaging, the sample 1 had 1093. 25 and 793. forsample 2 and the mean for crispiness for both sample was 943. 53. For the determination of crispiness of the crackers in different type of packaging, we observed that crackers from commercial packaging had the highest crispiness rating which was 100 0 followed with PP packaging with reading obtained 75 0, HDPE 50 0 and lastly the crackers from the paper bag packaging with rating 25 0. Food packages made with plastic are permeable at different degrees to small molecules as example gases, water vapour, and organic vapour and to other low molecular weight compounds like aromas, flavour, and additives p resent into food.As a consequence of the barrier properties of the material, the transfer of this molecules ranges from high to low. The information of the solution/diffusion/permeation behaviors of these molecules through the polymer film has become important for polymers used in the food packaging. Many factors that can influence the polymer packages performance must be taken into consideration to design the correct package market solution.The use of different polymers in food packaging industry depends on the properties of the food product and also in manufacturing, handling, and packaging engineering procedures can influence the final properties of packaging material, especially in terms of barrier properties which are related to the intrinsic structure of the polymer such as degree of crystallinity, crystalline, nature of polymer, thermal and mechanical treatment before and after food contact, chemical groups present into the polymer, degree of cross-linking, and glass transiti on temperature.High density polyethylene (HDPE) was first developed for packaging as a film before being introduced as a bottle for milk in 1964. Its use for packaging has increased because of its low cost, flexibility, durability, ability to withstand the sterilizing process, and resistance to many chemicals. Polyethylene plastics have the generally advantageous properties of toughness, high tensile strength, and good barrier properties to moisture.A particularly important property of polyethylene plastics, which is due to their relatively low melting point ranges, is the ease with which packaging can be heat-sealed. The barrier properties of polyethylene plastics to oxygen andorganic substances are only moderate. These characteristics, along with properties such as clarity and stiffness, vary with the basic polyethylene parameters of density/crystallinity, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution As food packaging, HDPE is most commonly associated with milk, oil, and ju ice bottles.Non-food packaging uses include supermarket bags, cleaning product containers, motor oil containers, agricultural films and chemical containers, paper bag liners, bags, crates, drums, and pails. Different grades of HDPE are used for different purposes. For example, there is a blow mould grade (used for milk bottles, and detergent bottles) and an injection grade material (ice cream containers). Disadvantages of HDPE as a packaging material include its low resistance to UV light and gas permeability.New technologies, such as barrier coatings and multi-layer materials, are being introduced to improve these characteristics. Conclusion: From the result from moisture content, sensory evaluation and texture analysis we can conclude that the packaging that had the highest moisture uptake which was 3. 82% for week 1 and 4. 54% for week 2 while the lowest moisture uptake was crackers with commercial packaging which was 0. 48% for first and second week. This is also supported by th e texture analysis which obtained that crackers for commercial packaging had 0. 48 kg, for PP packaging was 0. 811 kg followed with 0. 926 for HDPE packaging and 0. 943 kg for paper bag. The crispiness ratings obtained described that crackers from commercial packaging had the highest crispiness rating which was 1000, PP 750, PP 500 and paper bag was 250. From this evaluation, we conclude that the commercial packaging was the most preferred way in preserving the crackers quality, followed with HDPE packaging, PP packaging and the paper bag was the less preferred packaging for crackers due to highest moisture ptake. References: Philip T. , (2003). Packaging Materials Polyethylene for Food, Packaging Applications, 1-68 Nagi. H. P. S. , Kaur. J. , Dar. B. N. and S. Sharma (2012). Effect of Storage Period and Packaging on the Shelf Life of Cereal Bran Incorporated Biscuits. American Journal of Food Technology, 7: 301-310. Valentina. S. (2012). Food Packaging Permeability Behaviour: A Rep ort, International Journal of Polymer Science, Volume  2012, 1- 11.

Nvq Health and Socail Care Level 3 Assignment204 a

Abuse Physical Abuse What is physical abuse? Physical abuse is any abuse involving the use of force, this can be: Punching, hitting, slapping, pinching, kicking, in fact any form of physical attack Burning or scalding Restraint such as tying up or tying people to beds or furniture Refusal to allow access to toilet facilities Deliberate starvation or force feeding Leaving the individuals in wet or soiled clothing or bedding as a deliberate act to demonstrate power and strength of the abuser Excessive or inappropriate use of medicationA carer causing illness or injury to someone he or she cares for in order to gain attention Signs and symptoms associated with Physical abuse Pepper pot bruising-small bruises, usually on the chest, caused by poking with the finger or pulling of the clothes tightly. Finger-marks-often on arms or shoulders. Bruising in areas not normally bruised such as inside of thighs and arms. Marks on wrists, upper arms or legs which could be from tying to a bed or fur niture. Burns or scalds in unusual areas such as soles of feet, inside thighs. Ulcers, sores or rashes caused by wet bedding or clothing.Becoming withdrawn or anxious. Loss of interest in appearance. Loss of confidence. Sleeping problems. Change in eating habits. No longer laughing or joking. Feeling depressed or hopeless. Sexual abuse What is sexual abuse? Sexual abuse is the act in which sexual act have taken place without the persons consent. This can consist of: Sexual penetration of any part of the body with a penis, finger or any object Touching inappropriate parts of the body or any other form of sexual contact without the informed agreement of the individual Sexual exploitationExposure to, or involvement in, pornographic or erotic material Exposure to, or involvement in, sexual rituals Making sexual related comments or references which provide sexual gratification for the abuser Making threats about sexual activities. Signs and symptoms associated with Sexual abuse Marks on wrists, upper arms or legs which could be from tying to a bed or furniture. Becoming withdrawn or anxious. Loss of interest in appearance. Loss of confidence. Sleeping problems. Change in eating habits. No longer laughing or joking. Feeling depressed or hopeless. Unusual sexual behaviour.Blood marks on underclothes. Recurrent genital/urinary infections. Emotional/psychological abuse What is Emotional/psychological abuse? All the other forms of abuse also have an element of emotional abuse. Any situation which means that an individual becomes a victim of abuse at the hands of someone he or she trusted is, unavoidably, going to cause emotional distress. However, some abuse is purely emotional – there are no physical, sexual or financial elements involved. This abuse can take the form of: Humiliation, belittling, putting down Withdrawing or refusing affection Bullying Shouting or swearingMaking insulting or abusive remarks Racial abuse Constant teasing and poking fun. Signs and symptoms associated with Emotional/psychological abuse Becoming withdrawn or anxious. Loss of interest in appearance. Loss of confidence. Sleeping problems. Change in eating habits. No longer laughing or joking. Feeling depressed or hopeless. Becoming afraid of making decisions. Flinching or appearing afraid of close contact. Financial abuse What is financial abuse? Many service users are very vulnerable to financial abuse, particularly those who may have a limited understanding of money matters.Financial abuse, like all other forms of abuse, can be inflicted by family members and even friends as well as care workers or informal carers, and can take a range of forms such as: Stealing money or property Allowing or encouraging others to steal money or property Tricking or threatening individuals into giving away money or property Persuading individuals to take financial decisions which are not in their interests Withholding money, or refusing access to money Refusing to allow individu als to manage their own financial affairs Failing to support individuals to manage their own financial affairs. WHERE HAS IT GONESigns and symptoms associated with financial abuse Becoming withdrawn or anxious. Sleeping problems. Change in eating habits. No longer laughing or joking. Feeling depressed or hopeless. Missing cash or belongings, or bank accounts with unexplained withdrawals. Missing bank account records. Sudden change in attitude to financial matters. Institutional abuse What is Institutional Abuse? Institutional abuse is a type of systematic and organised abuse that mostly goes on in residential and hospital settings However, individuals can be abused in many other ways in settings where they could expect to be cared for and protected.For example: Individuals in residential settings are not given choice over day-to-day decisions such as mealtimes, bedtimes, Freedom to go out is limited by the institutional Privacy and dignity are not respected Personal correspondence i s opened by staff The setting is run for the convenience of staff, and not service users Excessive or inappropriate doses of sedation/medication are given Access to advice and advocacy is restricted or not allowed Complaints procedures are deliberately made unavailable. â€Å"Do you what Me? †Ã¢â‚¬Å"Just reach for me† â€Å"You can’tReach† â€Å"tough luck then I will just sit here† Signs and symptoms associated with Institutional abuse Becoming withdrawn or anxious. Sleeping problems. Change in eating habits. No longer laughing or joking. Feeling depressed or hopeless. Self-Neglect What is Self-Neglect? Many people neglect themselves when they are ill or depressed and unable to make the effort or some people neglect themselves as they feel incapable of looking after themselves. Working out when someone is neglecting themselves can be very difficult. Self-neglect can show in many of ways: Lack of personal hygieneLack of care about appearance and clo thing Failure to eat, or to buy food Failure to maintain a clean living environment Not bothering or refusing to obtain medical help Unwillingness to accept any support with daily living Unwillingness to see people or to go out. Signs and symptoms associated with Self neglect Sleeping problems. Change in eating habits. No longer laughing or joking. Feeling depressed or hopeless. Appearance Neglect by others What is Neglect by Others? This occurs when either a care worker or an informal carer fails to meet the care needs of a person.Neglect can happen because those responsible for providing the care do not realise its importance, or because they cannot be bothered, or choose not, to provide it. As the result of neglect, individuals can become ill, hungry, cold, dirty, injured or deprived of their rights. Neglecting someone you are supposed to be caring for can mean failing to undertake a range of care services, for example: Not providing adequate food Not providing assistance with ea ting food if necessary Not ensuring that the individual is adequately clothed Leaving the individual aloneNot assisting an individual to meet mobility or communication needs Failing to maintain a clean and hygienic living environment Failing to obtain necessary medical/health-care support Not supporting social contacts Not taking steps to provide a safe and secure environment for the individual. Signs and symptoms associated with Neglect by others: Becoming withdrawn or anxious. Sleeping problems Change in eating habits. No longer laughing or joking. Feeling depressed or hopeless. Appearance What you should do if you suspicions that an individual is being abused.As a carer you would record any signs or symptoms of an individual being abused to the line manage, your line manager may ask you to fill in a body chart indicating the location and description of the injuries which would be kept in the office copy of their care plan, you would not document it in the running report in their home as this can be read by anyone. As a carer your observations may add to other observations noticed by other carers or members of the team this will help to safeguard the service user as the line manage will have documentation to refer to the social workers to help this erson What you should do if an individual alleges that they are being abused. You must assume the person is tell the truth, You must be careful not to ask any leading questions e. g. ‘and did he punch you? ‘ you just ask ‘ and what happened? ’ you use your communication and listening skills so that the individual knows that they can trust you, then you would record exactly what the individual says and the details of the situation, you would not write this in the running report it would be documented on a separate document E. g. iece of paper then you would sign and date it and report it to the line manager and you would give them the statement, so that they can take responsibility. If the individual ask you to keep it to yourself, You would explain to them that you have to report this to your line manager as it is your duty of care under to NO SECRET policy and that the only people who will know are people who can help. Identify ways to ensure that evidence of abuse is preserved. You should always record details of the alleged/suspected abuse on a separate piece of paper and sign and date it, if any witnesses were present you should ask for their details e. . name and contact details and have them sign your document, if you have permission take photographic evidence of any physical injuries, collect all reports e. g. financial records, running reports, dietary reports and give it to you line manager so the information can be put into their care plan in a filing cabinet in the office and documented on the computer system National policies to safeguard individuals * Government Department of health – No secrets: Guidance on developing and implementing multi-agenc y policies and procedures to protect Vulnerable adults from abuse POVA Policy is there to prevent unsuitable people from working with vulnerable people. Local and organisational systems for safeguarding Care Quality Commission (CQC, have a role in safeguarding. It is there to monitor care setting are followed policies and procedures correctly. If you feel that your company is not following these, you have the right to contact CQC and report them. Disclosure and Barring Service DBS was formed by merging together the functions of the Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) and the Independent Safeguarding Authority (ISA) under the Protection of FreedomsAct 2012. It started functioning on 1 December 2012 and it is there to help prevent unsuitable people from working with children and vulnerable adults Different agencies/services in safeguarding and protecting individuals The importance of commination between different care providers is very important to safeguarding an individual, there can be a lot of different care providers involved in the service user life, this are origination such as:- * social services e. g. social workers, care assistants, the police * health services e. g.Gps, nurses, health visitors * voluntary services e. g. NSPCC, Age UK All origination involved in a service user life, will appoint a person from the health and social care setting to oversee the safeguarding assessment and its outcome, they also inform the police regarding all safeguarding incidents; chairing meetings, including the agreement of responsibilities; actions and time scales; co- coordinating and monitoring investigations and overseeing the convening of safeguarding case and providing information and outcomes to the safeguarding co- predicator.Identify sources of information and advice about own role in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse. As a carer you would get information and advice from your manager, you would go on training course every 12 months. you can also ge t information from the internet, leaflets or by contacting different agencies such as CQC, also I can look at the policies and procedures and agreed ways of working within the work place.